28 de febrero de 2012

¿Son realmente nuestras las Malvinas? - Luis Alberto Romero

 ¿Son realmente nuestras las Malvinas?
Por Luis Alberto Romero  | Para LA NACION
   
El Gobierno acaba de convocar a la unidad nacional por las Malvinas. Afortunadamente, en tren de paz. Pero es imposible no recordar la convocatoria, treinta años atrás, a una "unión sagrada" similar, que no apela al debate y los acuerdos sino al liderazgo autoritario y a la comunidad de sentimientos. Otra vez, los argentinos se ven en la disyuntiva de aceptarla o ser acusados de falta de patriotismo.

En este revival hay algo profundamente preocupante. El 15 de junio de 1982 -en rigor, la fecha más adecuada para conmemorar estos desdichados sucesos- hubo un amplio consenso para repudiar a los militares. La derrota abrió las puertas a la recuperación democrática, y nadie quiso indagar mucho sobre los términos del consenso. Creo que todos decidimos postergar la cuestión, pero como ocurre en estos casos, hay un momento en que hay que saldar las cuentas. En 1982 hubo quienes reprocharon a los militares el haber ido a la guerra. Pero la mayoría solo les reprochó el haberla perdido. La mayoría aclamante reunida el 2 de abril probablemente habría estado muy satisfecha con un triunfo, cuyas consecuencias no es necesario explicitar. Creo que el ánimo mayoritario no ha cambiado.

La convicción de que la Argentina tiene derechos incuestionables sobre esa tierra irredenta está sólidamente arraigada en el sentido común y en los sentimientos. No es fácil animarse a cuestionarlos públicamente. Malvinas es una de las claves del nacionalismo, una tradición política y cultural que a lo largo del siglo XX fue amalgamando diversas corrientes. Hubo un nacionalismo racial: hasta hace poco en los libros de geografía se decía que la población argentina era predominantemente blanca. También hubo un nacionalismo religioso: la Iglesia sostuvo que la Argentina era una "nación católica", y colocó al resto en un limbo de metecos. Hay un nacionalismo cultural, eterno buscador de un "ser nacional" que exprese nuestra "identidad". Y hay un nacionalismo político: el yrigoyenismo en su momento, y el peronismo luego, se presentaron como la expresión de la nación.

Todas esas versiones, que buscan la unanimidad nacional, están llenas de contradicciones y aporías: en el país hay demasiados morenos, judíos, borgeanos o no peronistas, que desmienten la unanimidad. Lo que las conjuga en un territorio que es el sostén último de la argentinidad. Se supone que las bases de una nación deben estar más allá de las contingencias de la historia. Por eso, nuestro territorio fue siempre argentino, quizá desde la Creación, y todo quien lo habitó fue argentino. Incluso los aborígenes, que desde hace diez mil años ya se ubicaban a un lado u otro de las fronteras.

Base de nuestra nacionalidad, el territorio es intangible, y la amenaza sobre su porción más pequeña conmueve toda la certeza. Allí reside el callejón sin salida de Malvinas. Pocos argentinos las conocen. Pocos podrían decir que les afecta en su vida personal. Pero la "hermanita perdida" está enclavada en el centro mismo del complejo nacionalista. La argentinidad de las Malvinas, menos alegada en el siglo XIX, ha sido afirmada en el siglo XX en todos los ámbitos, comenzando por la escuela. Las islas irredentas están incluidas en todas las versiones del nacionalismo. Cualquier acción destinada a establecer el dominio argentino será celebrada o al menos aprobada. Muchos critican algunas consecuencias de esa idea, particularmente el militarismo. Pero no basta. Es necesario revisar las premisas, si no queremos repetir las conductas, como parece que estamos a punto de hacerlo.

Es cierto que la Argentina tiene sobre Malvinas derechos legítimos para esgrimirlos en una mesa de negociaciones con Gran Bretaña. Pero no son derechos absolutos e incuestionables. Se basan en premisas no compartidas por todos. Del otro lado argumentan a partir de otras premisas. Si creemos en el valor de la discusión, debemos escucharlas. El argumento territorial que esgrimimos se basa en razones geográficas e históricas. Las primeras se expresan en un mapa de la Argentina; lo hemos dibujado tantas veces en la escuela que terminamos por creer que era la realidad. Muy pronto nos llevaremos una sorpresa, cuando descubramos que son muchos los aspirantes a la soberanía sobre nuestro Sector Antártico. En cuanto a Malvinas, debemos enterarnos de que nuestras ideas sobre la Plataforma Submarina y el Mar Epicontinental, que tan convenientemente se extienden hasta incluirlas, no son compartidas por muchos.

En cuanto a la historia, los derechos sobre Malvinas se afirman en su pertenencia al imperio español. Pero hasta el siglo XIX los territorios no tenían nacionalidad; pertenecían a los reyes y las dinastías y en cada tratado de paz se intercambiaban como figuritas. Antes de 1810, Malvinas cambió varias veces de manos, como Colonia del Sacramento -finalmente uruguaya- o las Misiones, que en buena parte quedaron en Brasil. Sobre esta base colonial se puede construir un buen argumento, pero no un derecho absoluto e inalienable.

Luego de 1810, lo que sería el Estado argentino prestó una distraída atención a esas islas, que los ingleses ocuparon por la fuerza en 1833. De esa ocupación quedó una población, un pueblo, que la habita de manera continua desde entonces: los isleños o falklanders , incluidos en la comunidad británica. En ese sentido, Malvinas no constituye un caso colonial clásico, del estilo de India, Indochina o Argelia, donde la reivindicación colonial vino de la mano de la autodeterminación de los pueblos. En Malvinas nunca hubo una población argentina, vencida y sometida. Quienes viven en ella, los falklanders , no quieren ser liberados por la Argentina.

Me resulta difícil pensar en una solución para Malvinas que no se base en la voluntad de sus habitantes, que viven allí desde hace casi dos siglos. Es imposible no tenerlos en cuenta, como lo hace el gobierno argentino. Supongamos que hubiéramos ganado la guerra, ¿que habríamos hecho con los isleños? Quizá los habríamos deportado. O encerrado en un campo de concentración. Quizá habríamos pensado en alguna solución definitiva. Plantear esas ideas extremas -creemos que lejanas de cualquier intención- permite mostrar con claridad los términos del problema.

Podemos obligar a Gran Bretaña a negociar. Y hasta convencerlos. Pero no habrá solución argentina a la cuestión de Malvinas hasta que sus habitantes quieran ser argentinos e ingresen voluntariamente como ciudadanos a su nuevo Estado. Y debemos admitir la posibilidad de que no quieran hacerlo. Porque el Estado que existe en nuestra Constitución remite a un contrato, libremente aceptado, y no a una imposición de la geografía o de la historia.

En tiempos prehistóricos -se cuenta- los hombres elegían su pareja, le daban un garrotazo y la llevaban a su casa. En etapas posteriores los matrimonios se concertaban entre familias o Estados. Hoy lo normal es una aceptación mutua, y eventualmente el cortejo por una de las partes. Hasta ahora intentamos el matrimonio concertado, y probamos con el garrotazo. No hemos logrado nada, salvo alimentar un nacionalismo paranoico de infaustas consecuencias en nuestra propia convivencia. Queda la alternativa de cortejar a los falklanders . Demostrarles las ventajas de integrar el territorio argentino. Estimularlos a que lo conozcan. Facilitarles nuestros hospitales y universidades. Seguramente a Gran Bretaña le será cada vez más difícil competir en esos terrenos. Durante varias décadas, la diplomacia argentina avanzó por esos caminos. Había aviones, médicos y maestros argentinos al servicio de los isleños. Probablemente hubo avances, en un cortejo necesariamente largo. Pero en 1982 recurrimos al garrotazo. Destruimos lo hecho en muchos años. Creamos odio y temor, perfectamente justificados. Perdimos las Malvinas. Y, además, perdimos a muchos argentinos.

Hoy debemos resignarnos a esperar que las heridas de los falklanders se cierren. Pero también necesitamos un trabajo de introspección, para expurgar nuestro imaginario del nacionalismo enfermizo y construir un patriotismo compatible con la democracia institucional. Si no lo hacemos, siempre estaremos listos para el llamado a una "unión sagrada".

© La Nacion
http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1448512-son-realmente-nuestras-las-malvinas

El autor es historiador. Es miembro del Club Político Argentino

27 de febrero de 2012

Alemania - el nuevo villano


Opinion

We Have Become the New Villain

A Commentary By Jan Fleischhauer
The front page of the Greek right-wing daily "Democracy" on Feb. 9: "Memorandum Macht Frei"Zoom
DPA
The front page of the Greek right-wing daily "Democracy" on Feb. 9: "Memorandum Macht Frei"
The German parliament is set to approve a new multibillion euro bailout package for Greece on Monday, but instead of thanks, southern Europeans are expressing their dislike of us. Germans will have to get used to their new role: We have become the Americans of Europe.
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Here's an idea. Police reports used to exclude the ethnic origins of the perpetrators of crimes. Why not apply that practice to reporting the euro crisis? We could stop mentioning which countries are getting aid. Instead of writing about the Greeks or Portuguese, we could just refer to the recipient as a southern European country -- or, better yet, of our fellow European citizens in the south.

Perhaps that would serve to improve the mood in Europe.
You have to be very careful about what you say these days. One careless statement and suddenly you can get crushed by a wave of emotions. I know what I'm talking about. After the cruise ship accident near Giglio in Italy, I made a few irreverent comments about Italians that seemed to outrage half of Italy. The Italian ambassador in Berlin even gave me a dressing down. I'm just happy that Italy is part of the Schengen Zone. After reading what had been written about me in the Italian press, I don't know whether they would have let me back into the country.
In my defense, I can say that I am not the only person who has unwittingly triggered a diplomatic imbroglio in these difficult times. Who would have thought that people in Athens also listen to SWR 2 radio? But German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble had barely finished an interview with the public radio broadcaster from his southern German home region about the reform efforts of Greek politicians before he wasaccused of disparaging the Greeks. "Who is this Herr Schäuble who insults Greece?" Greek President Karolos Papoulias roared back at Berlin. Schäuble, too, apparently underestimated how easy it is to insult people in the south.
The Chancellor in a Nazi Uniform
Sentiment towards the Germans isn't very good in the region right now. Hardly a day goes by without Chancellor Angela Merkel being depicted in a Nazi uniform somewhere. Swastikas are a common sight as well. It doesn't seem to help at all that we faithfully approve one aid package after the other. If calculations by experts are true, then we are far beyond the point where we are just providing loan guarantees.
A good deal of the €130 billion expected to be approved by the German parliament on Monday will never be seen again. But if you read the editorial pages of newspapers in the crisis regions, for whom this money is intended, you would be led to believe that we are out to achieve what our grandfathers failed to do 70 years ago (and this despite the fact that research into Hitler outside of Greece is fairly unanimous in the belief that National Socialism didn't launch its tyranny of Europe with a bailout package).
The Viciousness of Inferiority
It won't be long before they start burning German flags. But wait, they're already doing that. Previously we had only known that from Arab countries, where the youth would take every opportunity to run through the streets to rage against that great Satan, the USA. But that's how things go when others consider a country to be too successful, too self-confident and too strong. We've now become the Americans of Europe. The role reversal won't be an easy one either -- it is already safe to say that today. We Germans are accustomed to having people admire us for our efficiency and industriousness -- and not to hate us for it.
But before we complain too much about all this ingratitude, we should remind ourselves that we ourselves spent years passing the buck. As long as the global villain was America, the Germans joined in when it came to feeling good at the expense of others. The Americans also had every reason to expect a little more gratitude -- after all, it was their soldiers who had to intervene when a dictator somewhere lived out his bloody fantasies while the international community stood by wringing its hands.
People came to secretly rely on the USA as a global cop in the same way that Germany's neighbors are now expecting the Germans to save the euro. Unfortunately, however, the feeling of inferiority can be just as vicious as that of superiority.
Buying Your Neighbor's Sympathy

Of course, one can try to make oneself seem smaller than one really is. But this self-denial doesn't work. The Americans weren't much more popular under Jimmy Carter than they were under Ronald Reagan despite the fact that the man from Georgia was kind-hearted and plagued by so many moral scruples that his preference probably would have been to just stop governing. Obama's election also didn't do a whole lot to help the US' image in the longer term. A giant can't conceal his size for long.
One can also attempt to buy the sympathies of one's neighbors. In a certain respect, that is exactly the policy that Germany has pursued in Europe for decades. That's why there is no lack of politicians focusing on European policy who recommend the continuation of that policy -- which would essentially mean nothing less than assuming greater amounts of debt from its European partners through a stronger intervention by the European Central Bank or through euro bonds. But it appears the sums are too great to ease tempers through a simple bank transfer. After all, this is no longer about paying for a few wasted subsidies like the EU's infamous milk lakes and butter mountains that German money was being used to plug or clear away. It is about budget shortfalls so massive that the economies of entire countries are being swallowed by them.
We will probably just have to get used to the fact that, for a time, Germany won't be very popular in some countries in Europe. In the worst case scenario, we could spend out next holiday in America for a change. Or we could just claim we are Swiss -- as nobody seems to have any problems with them at the moment.
Jan Fleischhauer is the author of ""Der Schwarze Kanal," or "The Black Channel," SPIEGEL ONLINE's weekly conservative political column. Black is a reference to the political color of Chancellor Angela Merkel's political party, the Christian Democratic Union, and its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union.

24 de febrero de 2012

los parientes mejicanos de Romney

Romney's rugged Mormon ancestors sowed riches in Mexico
COLONIA JUAREZ, Mexico | Fri Feb 24, 2012 12:49pm EST

(Reuters) - In the craggy desert of northern Mexico, U.S. presidential hopeful Mitt Romney's relatives turned an arid valley into lush agricultural land and prospered after being chased from the United States for their Mormon beliefs.

They suffered years of hardship, living in dirt dugouts and overturned wagons, but then went on to build sturdy homes and a thriving school, develop irrigation canals and dams, raise herds of cattle, and plant vast peach and apple orchards from the punishing landscape.

The story of the early Mormon settlers in Mexico, who fled the threat of arrest in the United States for practicing polygamy, is embodied by Mitt Romney's great-grandfather Miles P. Romney, who crossed south of the border in the late 1880s.

His offspring still live in Mormon enclaves in the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua around 200 miles from the border and near the house where Mitt's father, George Romney, was born.
There are about 300 Mormons left in the area, and some 40 of them still have the Romney surname.
George Romney spent the first few years of his life here and his pride in the history shines through in a family travel log he helped write in 1941, tracing the flight across the western United States and down into Mexico.
"It is apparent that we are the descendants of a father and a mother who, in turn, were descendants of parents ... who were willing to make the greatest of individual effort for the great cause in which they believed," George wrote.
Mitt Romney, who is seeking the Republican presidential nomination, has never visited his distant relatives here and rarely discusses this part of the family history beyond saying his father was born in Mexico. His campaign team declined to comment on what links, if any, he has to the Romneys in Mexico.
But residents here says two of his siblings came several years ago to see a small wooden train station said to be built by Miles P. Romney and other landmarks from the family's past.
Miles P. Romney was pursued by U.S. marshals after polygamy, or "plural marriage" as it is known in the Mormon religion, was outlawed in 1882.
He set up camp in Mexico with three wives and more than a dozen children. They braved harsh winters and hunger in a home with a dirt roof and he helped found the colonies.
It is that kind of pioneer determination that Mitt Romney's modern day relatives still living in Colonia Juarez say their American cousin can bring to the White House if he wins the Republican nomination and then is elected president in November.
"In pioneer families ... it's you against the elements and you just have to have a certain toughness and work ethic to be able to prosper. I think that has been handed down to us," said Mitt's distant cousin Brandon Romney, 33, a chili pepper farmer in Colonia Juarez.
"There is a certain morality that comes with having to collaborate to build something from nothing ... Hopefully Mitt Romney can portray that."
LaMond Tullis, a Church of Latter Day Saints historian who wrote a book on the Mormons in Mexico, also sees the family's past in Mitt Romney's character.
"Whatever can be said about Mitt Romney, he has been a risk taker and a responsible one, and that kind of ethic emerges out of this colonial experience in Mexico," he said.
Colonia Juarez resident Edward Whetten says he hosted Mitt's brother and sister when they came to visit, and they left behind a copy of the travel log from 1941 - a spiral bound notebook complete with snapshots and hand-scribbled notes, that tells the family tale through the eyes of George Romney and other family members. Whetten keeps the unique document in his small private library and shared it with Reuters.
George was five years old when the family left this area in 1912, driven out under threat from Pancho Villa's rebel troops during the turmoil of the Mexican Revolution.
While other Mormons went back when things calmed down, George's parents settled in the United States. He became a successful car executive and made his own presidential bid, seeking but failing to win the Republican nomination in 1968.
In 1941, George traveled back to his birthplace with his father Gaskell, marveling at the ups-and-downs of the family history.
"I have never felt our being driven out was anything other than a blessing. Of course, father lost a small fortune in farm lands, mills, home etc. but I am glad I was brought up in the good old USA," he wrote in the travel log.
A KNACK FOR MAKING MONEY
Colonia Juarez is now an oasis of American suburban life in a rough Mexican border region. Along orderly streets, brick houses stand with tire swings and trampolines on neatly cut lawns, and ruddy blond residents rope cattle and drive pick-ups.
A gleaming white Mormon temple crowns a hill overlooking the town and below is a school where locals and Mormons study together. In the cemetery, the modest graves of Romneys have simple stone plaques flush with the ground while elaborate Mexican gravesites are adorned with flowers and large crosses.
Some of the Romneys live particularly well.
"The Romneys here were always more prosperous than anyone else, they still are. They are hard workers and good managers. It's funny how these traits are passed down in the genes," said John Hatch, an amateur town historian.
Hatch sees a clear connection between the fabulously wealthy U.S. presidential hopeful - who made his fortune at a private equity firm he co-founded - and his industrious Mexican cousins.
"I personally know four generations of Romneys ... and the Romneys know how to make money."
That wealth sticks out in a part of the country that has become an increasingly dangerous drug trafficking corridor.
Meredith Romney, Brandon's uncle, was kidnapped in 2009 from his cattle ranch and was held in a cave for several days before being released after a ransom was reportedly paid. The incident helped make the older generations of Romneys wary of the media spotlight brought on by their famous relative.
"We don't really like all the attention," said Derrick Romney, Meredith's son, as he roped cows at the family corral.
Most of those living in the only two remaining Mormon colonies - Colonia Juarez and Colonia Dublan - out of the eight that existed before the Mexican Revolution speak English and Spanish fluently and are dual citizens, traveling back and forth between Mexico and the United States to study and work.
Many residents interviewed by Reuters disagree with Mitt Romney's views on immigration. They are proud of their own heritage as industrious immigrant settlers and understand the plight of fellow Mexican citizens who leave to seek a better life in the United States.
The Mormon population descended from the original settlers has declined dramatically over the years with many from the younger generation leaving because of security concerns or for better jobs north of the border.
"I think most of them would come back in a heartbeat if they could," says Derrick Romney, who says he loves the small town life of Colonia Juarez.
POLYGAMIST HAVEN
Before the Mexican Revolution, more than 4,000 Mormons were given refuge in Mexico by dictator Porfirio Diaz, buttressed by ideas of support for religious freedom espoused by Mexico's founding father, Benito Juarez.
Mitt's great-grandfather Miles P. Romney was one of them. He married five women over the course of his life, and joined the first wave of settlers in Mexico.
In 1867, Miles P. was told to take a second wife by Brigham Young, who took over the leadership of the Mormon church after founder Joseph Smith was killed . Miles' first wife, Hannah Hood Hill, Mitt's great-grandmother, was at first unhappy but accepted the decision because of her faith and ended up living happily in a polygamous family, the travel log recounts.
Miles P. was a lover of theater who staged elaborate productions of Hamlet and other works by Shakespeare. He was dedicated to education, opening the first school in the colony where one of his wives taught under willow trees.
Those early days were difficult for the settlers - photos show them living in rock dugouts with no shoes and little food. They hunted deer and wild turkey for meat. But they created a haven where the polygamist families could stay together.
The Mormon church officially banned polygamy in 1890, but many spiritual weddings continued to take place in the colonies and Miles P. married his fifth wife seven years after the ban.
By the next generation, that of Mitt Romney's grandfather Gaskell, the practice was all but non-existent. Mitt Romney has called polygamy "bizarre".
George, in his recollections, calls his grandfather's other wives his "aunts". Although he found the idea of polygamy "repugnant", he admired the family around him.
"The devotion and attachment of all the children for each other and of the wives, themselves, two of whom I remember very clearly, could have only resulted from a home in which there was unity," he wrote in the personal travel log. "The high character of these people is attested to by their own achievements and by the achievements of their children."
(Reporting by Mica Rosenberg; Editing by Kieran Murray)

China - abandonando el ""paraiso del pueblo"


Fleeing the People's Paradise

Successful Chinese Emigrating to West in Droves

By Wieland Wagner
A graduation ceremony at Huazhong University of Science & Technology: Many successful Chinese professionals are eager to leave the country despite newfound prosperity.Zoom
DPA
A graduation ceremony at Huazhong University of Science & Technology: Many successful Chinese professionals are eager to leave the country despite newfound prosperity.
Despite their country's stunning economic growth, many successful Chinese entrepreneurs are emigrating to the West. For them, the Chinese government is too arbitrary and unpredictable, and they view their children's prospects as better in the West.
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Though the room is already overcrowded, more listeners keep squeezing in, making it necessary to bring in additional chairs for the stragglers. Outside on the streets of Beijing, the usual Saturday afternoon shopping bustle is in full swing. But above the clamor, in the quiet of this elegant office high-rise, the audience is intent on listening to a man who can help them start a new life, one far away from China.
Li Zhaohui, 51, turns on the projector and photographs flicker across the screen behind him. Some show Li himself, head of one of China's largest agencies for emigration visas, which has more than 100 employees. Other pictures show Li's business partner in the United States. Still others show Chinese people living in an idyllic American suburb. Li has already successfully arranged for these people to leave the People's Republic of China.
Li's free and self-confident way of speaking precisely embodies the Western lifestyle that those in his audience dream of. Originally trained as a physicist, Li emigrated to Canada in 1989. In the beginning, he developed microchips in Montreal, but he says he found the job boring. Then he found his true calling: helping Chinese entrepreneurs and businesspeople escape.
Of course, Li doesn't use the term "escape." Emigration from China is legal and, with its population of 1.3 billion, the country certainly has enough people left over.
Likewise, hardly anyone in the audience is actually planning to burn every bridge with their native country. Almost everyone in the room owns companies, villas and cars in China.
Many of them, in fact, can thank China's Communist Party for their success. But along their way to the top, they've developed other needs, the kind only a person with a full stomach feels, as the Chinese saying goes. It's a type of hunger that can't be satisfied as long as the person is living under a one-party dictatorship.
These people long to live in a constitutional state that would protect them from the party's whims. And they want to enjoy their wealth in countries where it's possible to lead a healthier life than in China, which often resembles one giant factory, with the stench and dust to match.
These longings have led many people in China to pursue foreign citizenship for themselves and their families. The most popular destinations are the US and Canada, countries with a tradition of immigration. "Touzi yimin" are the magic words Li impresses tirelessly upon his listeners. Loosely translated, it means "immigration by investment."
Benefitting at Home, But Hoping to Get Out
Several months a year, Li says he travels through the US selecting suitable investment projects for his clients -- construction projects, for example, that would qualify Chinese investors and their families for long-term American visas.
Li's clients value discretion. A hyped-up sales pitch would only scare them away or push them into the arms of competitors. There are more than 800 similar agencies throughout the country, all offering their services in procuring "touzi yimin." Some simply send their advertisements as text messages.
Zhang Yongjun, 41, and his family already have one foot out the door. Zhang sits at his company's long, leather-upholstered conference table on the 31st floor of Beijing's Overseas Plaza. Outside his window, the sun's rays barely penetrate the brown smog. In just a few weeks, Zhang plans to start a new life with his wife and two daughters in Vancouver, Canada.
It took the entrepreneur four years to obtain a "Maple Leaf Card," the Canadian equivalent of the American green card. Canada's permanent resident card also offers the option of applying for citizenship after three years. To obtain it, Zhang put the equivalent of €300,000 ($400,000) in a Canadian investment fund.
"I'm taking this step for my children's sake," Zhang says. The plan is for his wife to settle permanently in Canada with the children. There, they can breathe clean air and attend schools that will teach them to be more cosmopolitan. Zhang himself will hold onto his Chinese citizenship and commute between Beijing and Vancouver since he doesn't want to lose the source of his wealth back in China.
Zhang pushes his two smartphones back and forth on the table in front of him. He brings in several million euros worth of profit each year from making software and devices for the national lottery. Although he dresses modestly, he owns property in Beijing and two other cities. His wife is a homemaker. Urban couples are legally only allowed to have one child, but for a 60,000 yuan (€7,200/$9,500) fine -- an amount it would take a migrant worker three years to earn -- Zhang bought himself the right to a second child. "The expense was worth it," he says.
In January, the family celebrated Chinese New Year abroad, as they do every year. Zhang estimates that he was on vacation for about half of the last year.
If he's doing so well, Zhang is asked, why does he even need permanent residency in far-away Canada, and why does he want to get his family citizenship there?
Zhang gazes at the ceiling of the conference room and looks as though he's already regretting having entered into a conversation on this subject. Indeed, few would-be emigrants are willing to talk publicly about their plans to move away, especially if they hope to continue earning money in China.
Traitors or the Lucky Ones?
The Global Times, a nationalist mouthpiece of the Communist Party, recently printed an online survey whose results suggest that this exodus of the wealthy sparks jealousy in many of their fellow citizens. The newspaper quoted one anonymous Internet user as saying, "Many of the people who want to emigrate are nothing more than traitors. Leave your money here if you want to emigrate."
This type of name-calling deters those thinking of getting out from talking about it publicly. Zhang, too, offers only a vague hint as to why he wants to give himself and his family this second leg to stand on in Canada. "In an environment where power determines everything, there's ultimately no clear standard, no feeling of security," he says.
In recent years, China's Communist Party has liberated hundreds of millions of people from poverty. With the slogan "one world, one dream" China celebrated not only the 2008 Summer Olympic Games in Beijing, but also its rapid ascent to superpower status. Amid the muddle of the global financial crisis, some Western politicians and businesspeople went so far as to hail the supposed superiority of an authoritarian system.
In reality, though, the children of those who have prospered in China's economic revolution also dream of Western freedoms. Latent cynicism toward the party has spread well beyond the wealthy, becoming prevalent among the emerging middle class, as well.
Anxious to Get the Whole Family Out
For a 36-year-old man we will call Wang Qiang, it's the beginning of one of his last days working in Beijing. He also plans to permanently emigrate to Canada with his whole family, in this case to Quebec.
This morning, Wang once again battled his way through city traffic for an hour and an half. Now he's at work in a skyscraper belonging to a state-owned telephone company. Wang is part of the upper management, is popular among colleagues and essentially has his job for life. Yet, he and his wife think about nothing but how they can get away from here -- and as soon as possible.
It started, Wang says, when his daughter was born and he held her tiny hand for the first time. "I suddenly realized that under no circumstances did I want to raise her in China," he recalls.
Soon, Wang plans to apply for immigration at the Canadian Embassy. He's kept quiet about his intentions so far at work, but says that each day only strengthens his resolve.
Wang tells of a colleague who bragged about having sent his child to an expensive elite school. "Where's the fairness in that?" Wang asks. "Without connections, children don't have a chance in China's education system."
Wang glances around to see if any of his colleagues are nearby. For the time being, he needs to remain cautious, but he's finding it increasingly difficult to keep his dissatisfaction to himself. Each day, his life strikes him as more pointless than the day before. As an example, he mentions elections for the local People's Congress, a farce held by Beijing over the past few months in a storm of propaganda. "They let us vote," Wang explains, "but we don't know a single one of the candidates."
Wang says that several of his friends have already emigrated to Canada and that "None of them has tried to talk me out of my plan." He eventually wants to bring his parents to Canada, as well, so they can benefit from a Western welfare system.
Party Leaders and the American Dream
Li, the emigration coordinator, is finished with his seminar for investors and sitting contentedly on a red-brown leather couch in his office. "Every time the media reports something on successful emigrants, we get even more requests," he says.
Even many Communist Party functionaries send their children to study abroad. Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping, for example, who is tapped to become the country's next leader and visited Washington last week, has a daughter studying at Harvard University. Another example is Bo Xilai, a prominent politician and party head for Chongqing, a major city in southwest China. Bo may drive his citizens into the city's parks in the mornings to sing revolutionary songs, but his son, Guagua, attends Harvard.
The fact that so many leading party members dream the American dream for their children has given rise to a new joke in China: It's a good thing, people say, that parents' days at elite universities such as Harvard, Yale and Princeton don't coincide with the Chinese Communist Party convention. If they did, half the seats in the Great Hall of the People would be left empty.
Translated from the German by Ella Ornstein

23 de febrero de 2012

El Gobierno y la oposición firmaron acuerdo educativo

23.02.2012 | 17.32 El presidente José Mujica y los líderes de la oposición (Larranaga Bordaberry Amorin y Mieres) se reunieron en la Torre Ejecutiva y firmaron el acuerdo multipartidario.
A través de un comunicado oficial, Presidencia informó que todos los acuerdos firmados en la reunión "constituyen un compromiso efectivo" para el Poder Ejecutivo, que orientará a los representantes designados por éste en el Consejo Directivo Central de la ANEP a "cumplir cabalmente con la esencia de lo convenido" y "exhortará a dichos representantes para que adopten la misma actitud para con los miembros por ellos designados en los diferentes Consejos de Educación".

 Los documentos que suscribieron incluyen el compromiso para otorgar doble voto al presidente del Codicen y extenderlo a los directores generales de los consejos de Secundaria, Primaria, Utu y Formación Docente. Además se coincide en instalar a la brevedad el Instituto Nacional de Evaluación Educativa, se creará una universidad tecnológica en el interior y se dará mayor autonomía para la gestión de los centros educativos.

 El senador del Partido Nacional Jorge Larrañaga destacó, tras la firma de los acuerdos, la voluntad política del gobierno y de los partidos políticos. Mediante un comunicado el líder de Alianza Nacional señaló que este tipo de acuerdo solo es posible en Uruguay. “Es un diferencial del sistema político que tenemos que cuidar, donde por encima de los mezquinos intereses partidarios, se antepone el interés nacional, el interés de la gente”, dijo Larrañaga. Se espera la llegada a la Torre Ejecutiva del ministro de Educación y Cultura, Ricardo Ehrlich, y del secretario de la Presidencia. Alberto Breccia.
http://www.espectador.com/1v4_contenido.php?id=233379&sts=1

19 de febrero de 2012

LOS ACTOS TERRORISTAS DE LOS TUPAMAROS

“El Pueblo Debe Saber…” sobre todo los jóvenes
  
A RECORDAR el PORQUE del NUNCA MAS desde 1969 a 1972
MOVIMIENTO REVOLUCIONARIO MLN (Tupamaro) URUGUAY
(20 Secuestros, 47 asesinatos, 124 asaltos, 76 actos terroristas y más)
 
20 Secuestros:

07-08-1968             Pte. De UTE Ulises PEREIRA REVERBEL
09-09-1969             Banquero Gaetano PELLEGRINI GIAMPIETRO
28-07-1970             Juez Daniel PEREIRA MANELLI (Instr.1er. Turno)
07-08-1970             Dr. Claude FLY (Asesor Ministerio Ganadería)
08-01-1971             Embajador Geoffrey JACKSON (Ingles)
02-03-1971             Dr. Jorge DIGHIERO URIORTE (Cardiólogo)
10-03-1971             Fiscal Guido BERRO ORIBE (de Corte)
30-03-1971             Director de UTE Ulises PEREIRA REVERBEL
13-04-1971             Industrial Ricardo FERRES TERRA
14-05-1971             Ex Ministro Carlos FRICK DAVIS
23-06-1971             Director de FUNSA Alfredo CAMBON PORTO
06-07-1971             Chofer IMM Rifon REVOLAQUE CORREA
12-07-1971             Industria Jorge BEREMBAU
18-08-1971             VicePte.Frig. MODELO Luis FERNANDEZ LLADO
23-10-1971             Direct. “EL DIA” José P. GONZALEZ
29-11-1971             Periodista MICHELE RAY
24-02-1972             Fotógrafo Nelson BARDESIO
28-02-1972             Periodista Homero FARIÑA
25-04-1972             Liberado Héctor GUTIERREZ RUIZ
11-05-1972             (h) Industrial Sergio MALAGUERO

 
47 Asesinatos:

16-12-1967             Crio. Antonio SILVEIRA REGALADO
08-07-1969             Agte. Germán GARAY DAMA
26-09-1969             Civil Cesar GUIDET DOTTI
08-10-1969             Sgto. Enrique FERNANDEZ DIAZ
                Civil Carlos BURGUEÑO
14-11-1969             func. GM Carlos R. ZEMBRANO
26-11-1969             Agte. Antonio Ma. FERNANDEZ
29-12-1969             Guardia Privado Juan TECHERA
09-02-1970             Agte. Alfredo PALLAS CARDOZO
13-04-1970             Insp. Héctor MORAN CHARQUERO
10-08-1970             Civil Dan A. MITRIONE
19-08-1970             Agte. MACHADO CARREÑO
21-04-1971             Agte. Gilberto CARABALLO
13-06-1971             Mayor Isabel PONCIANO SARAVIA
                Agte. Aidis Asunción PEREZ MELO
15-06-1971             Sgto. Custodio RODRIGUEZ
23-06-1971             Civil Juan A. BENTANCOUR
30-07-1971             Agte. Idelfonso KAUSLAUKS
11-08-1971             Agte. Juan Fco. ALVAREZ
19-01-1972             Cadete Heber W. CASTIGLIONI CASTRO
27-01-1972             Insp. Rodolfo LEONCINO
28-01-1972             Agte. Juan Fco. GODOY GONZALEZ
13-02-1972             Ofic. Juan M. SANCHEZ MOLINARI
                Agte. Segundo FERNANDEZ
                Agte. Rosibel DO CANTO
28-02-1972             Ex Sedicioso ajusticiado Ibero GUTIERREZ
04-04-1972             Sub.Crio. Oscar DELEGA LUZARDO
                Agte. Carlos A. LEITES
                Prof. Armando ACOSTA Y LARA
                Cap. Corveta Ernesto MOTTO
04-05-1972             Dr. Julio F. MORATO MANARA
18-05-1972             Soldado Saúl CORREA DIAZ
                Soldado Osiris NUÑEZ SILVA
                Soldado Gaudencio NUÑEZ
                Soldado Ramón Jesús FERREIRA
15-06-1972             Soldado Eusebio GODOY
20-06-1972             (hallan) civil Pascacio R. BAEZ MENA
23-06-1972             Soldado Víctor A. AGUILAR
                Soldado Eduardo DELGADO
28-06-1972             Civil conductor de CUTCSA
03-07-1972             Ex func. Pol. Luis J. BARBIZAN
14-07-1972             Ex sedicioso ajusticiado (Paysandú)
16-07-1972             Ex sedicioso ajusticiado (Montevideo)
25-07-1972             Cnel. Artigas ALVAREZ
17-08-1972             Ofic. Darwin FERNANDEZ
18-08-1972             Tte.2do. Ricardo BRAIDA
22-09-1972             Civil conductor de CUTCSA

 
124 Asaltos:

13-05-1967             Suc. Bco. Caja Obrera
22-11-1967             Suc. Bco. Popular (Paso de la Arena)
10-09-1968             Bco. Londres y América del Sur
11-09-1968             Unión de Bancos del Uruguay
29-09-1968             Banco de Crédito
02-10-1968             Suc. Bco. de Crédito (Parque Rodó)
03-10-1968             Suc. Bco. Comercial (Arroyo Seco)
04-10-1968             Suc. Bco. Crédito (Malvín)
07-10-1968             Suc. Bco. Londres y América del Sur
24-10-1968             Suc. Bco. Comercial (La Paz)
01-11-1968             Suc. Unión de Bancos del Uruguay (Goes)
29-11-1968             Tesorería Casino Hotel Carrasco
10-12-1968             Suc. Bco. Mercantil
13-03-1969             Suc. Bancaria (Fray Bentos)
18-03-1969             Casino San Rafael (Punta del Este)
11-04-1969             Suc. Sociedad de Bancos (Sayago)
                Suc. Bco. Cobranzas (Goes)
                Suc. Bco. Crédito (Pocitos)
23-04-1969             Suc. Bco. del Plata (Cordón)
                Suc. Bco. Comercial (Arroyo Seco)
05-06-1969             Banco y Camión Remesero
31-07-1969             First National City Bank
03-10-1969             Suc. Banco Montevideo
08-10-1969             3 Suc. Bancarias (Pando)
12-11-1969             Suc. Bco. Montevideo (Aguada)
25-11-1969             Suc. Bco. Popular
04-12-1969             Suc. Bco. Italo - Americano
26-12-1969             Banco Frances e Italiano
29-12-1969             Banco Comercial
23-01-1970             Suc. Bancaria (Pocitos)
27-01-1970             Caja Jubilaciones del Jockey Club
05-02-1970             Escribanía Pública
05-02-1970             Casa cambiaria “FILLING”
13-02-1970             Empresa curtidora de Pieles
24-02-1970             Suc. BROU (Salto)
09-03-1970             Suc. Unión de Bancos del Uruguay
12-03-1970             Fábrica de Cigarrillos
12-03-1970             Bodega de Vinos
13-03-1970             Fábrica de Plásticos
                Casa de cambios
                Fábrica de Aluminios
                Banco Palestino
30-03-1970             Suc. Bco. Francés e Italiano
04-04-1970             Sucesión “Mailhos”
07-04-1970             Frigorífico “Castro”
14-04-1970             Casa Cambios
                Suc. Bco. Mercantil
07-05-1970             Inmobiliaria “Faro”
11-06-1970             Suc. Bco. del Uruguay
12-06-1970             Embajada Suiza (Cdo. Faro)
23-06-1970             Banco Palestino del Uruguay
15-07-1970             Casa “Soler”
17-07-1970             Suc. Soc. Bancos (Modelo)
19-07-1970             Suc. Bco. de Londres y América del Sur
20-07-1970             “OTTONELLO Hnos” (Gral Flores 3821)
21-07-1970             “Electro Confort” (San Martín 3723)
22-07-1970             Suc. Sociedad de Bancos (San Martín)
31-07-1970             Textil “CUOPAR”
06-08-1970             Bco. Mercantil
21-08-1970             Tienda “El Mago” (18 de Julio)
22-08-1970             Unión de Bancos del Uruguay
10-09-1970             “ESSO” Motor Oil
14-09-1970             Textil “SUDAMTEX”
26-09-1970             Remesa First City Bank
                “Fleischman”
12-11-1970             Caja Nacional de Empeño (BROU)
17-11-1970             Textil
                Fábrica de papel                    
                Molino Harinero
29-11-1970             Domicilio Pte. Cámara Comercio
                Supergas “ACODIKE”
15-01-1971             Suc. Bancaria (Florida)
11-02-1971             Casa Cambio
15-03-1971             Semanario “EL TIEMPO”
30-03-1971             Planta “NIBOPLAST”
13-06-1971             Remesa Bco. de Cobranzas
15-06-1971             “Manzanares S.A.”
15-07-1971             Suc. BROU (Tacuarembó)
11-08-1971             Remesero “Manzanares S.A.”
09-09-1971             “Izaurralde” (Catala 2070)
28-09-1971             “Coca Cola” (Salto)
01-10-1971             Junta Local “La Paz” (Canelones)
                Remesero DGI (Paysandú)
10-10-1971             Tienda “Brigthon” (18 de Julio 875)
11-10-1971             Tienda “El Mago” (Colonia 936)
                Obra “Alvaro Palenga”
01-11-1971             Empresa Transporte “CUTCSA”
03-11-1971             Remesero Bco. de Crédito
05-11-1971             Federación Rural
08-11-1971             Casa “Sapelli” (8 de Octubre 3607)
15-11-1971             Casino Parque Hotel
                Tienda “El Mundo” (8 de Octubre 4229)
30-11-1971             “Manzanares S.A.” (Cardal 3201)
12-12-1971             Sociedad Patronal Taxis (Burgues 3143)
10-01-1972             Dirección Expendios Municipales
15-03-1972             Dependencias de UTE (S. Fructuoso 1733)
                Comercio (Justicia 2414)
16-03-1972             “PARIS” Televisión
17-03-1972             Comercio (18 de Julio 885)
23-03-1972             Firma “Parentini” (Yaguaron 1474)
Hotel (Blvar. España 2297)
25-03-1972             Comercio (La Paz 1340)
03-04-1972             “Tecno” (Fernández Crespo 2207)
05-04-1972             “Créditos” (Colonia 1500)
Casa de Crédito (Gral. Flores 2278)
06-04-1972             Tienda (G. Ramírez 1963)
08-04-1972             Comercio (Gil 871)
25-04-1972             Cobrador de UTE
16-05-1972             Fábrica de Cueros
17-05-1972             Empresa Transporte Sta. Lucía
22-05-1972             Tienda “El Mago”
12-08-1972             Cobrador Sindicato Médico
06-08-1972             Club nocturno “TON TON”
07-08-1972             Supermercado (Carape 2005)
10-08-1972             Comercio (Constituyente 1570)
11-08-1972             Camión Remesero Bancario
15-08-1972             Comercio (Rincon 467)
16-08-1972             Comercio (Paysandú 1024)
25-08-1972             Joyería (Sarandí        )
05-09-1972             Local Frigorífico “Modelo” (Porongos 2129)
19-09-1972             Escribanía Pública (Carlos Roxlo 1337)
25-09-1972             Estación Emp. Aérea “IBERIA”


 76 Actos Terroristas:  (Que han llegado a conocimiento)
 
18-02-1967             FUTI (10 Fusiles y 18 Uniformes)
11-04-1967             Colocan bomba Emp. “Burroughs”
14-09-1967             Atentan contra Emisora Radio CARVE
27-11-1967             Roban Armería (63 Armas y Uniformes)
11-12-1967             Atentan contra varios ómnibus de CUTCSA
01-01-1968             Roban en Cantera Blanca 500 kg. Explosivos
01-07-1968             Destrozan Emisora Radio Ariel (roban equipo transmisión)
12-09-1968             La CAP arrojan bomba contra 3 Bancos
18-10-1968             Atentan con Bomba contra domicilio Ministro Ind. y Comercio
                Atentan con Bomba la sede Bolsa Comercio
                Atentan con Bomba Banco Mercantil
13-12-1968             Atentan con explosivos Suc. Bcos. de Crédito, Popular del Uruguay, Territorial y Español
Domicilio Ministro Ganadería y Agricultura
Vice Pte. Del Banco Central del Uruguay
Cámara Comercio Italiana y centro comercial
01-01-1969             Roban armas del Juzg. Ltdo. de Instrucción 1er. Turno
28-01-1969             Roban del Apostadero Naval “La Paloma” 80 kgs. Proyectiles
30-04-1969             Colocan bombas incendiarias Sede COPRIN, Misión Naval y Asoc. de Diarios
22-05-1969             Asaltan armería “El Cazador” (Se llevan 60 armas)
26-06-1969             Sabotean varias estaciones de UTE
16-07-1969             Es robada la bandera “33 Orientales”
                Estalla bomba en el Archivo del Bco. Comercial
21-09-1969             Asaltan dom. de P.J.P (Se llevan armas)
26-09-1969             Asaltan dom. Coleccionista C.G.D. (Roban armas)
                Asaltan dom. Coleccionista L.B. (Roban escopetas y revólveres)
24-11-1969             Asaltan firma “Ferretjans” (Roban armas)
11-12-1969             Asaltan vivienda Coleccionista Cnel. A.M. (Roban armas)
13-12-1969             Asaltan laboratorio (Llevándose medicamentos)
09-02-1970             Asaltan Juzg. Ltdo. Dptal. De Canelones (Roban armas)
11-03-1970             Asaltan Depósito Judicial de Bienes Muebles (Roban armas)
03-04-1970             Asaltan armería (Dunaut 3954) (Roban armas)
29-05-1970             Asaltan Centro Instrucción Armada (Roban 700 armas)
27-06-1970             Atentan con explosivos Suc. Bco. Cobranzas
                Sociedad Obrera Remolachera y Azucarera del Uruguay
30-06-1970             Atentan contra el diario “El Día” y Gerente de TEM
21-07-1970             Asaltan “ELECTRO CONFORT” (Roban equipamiento)
11-09-1970             Atentan contra Embotelladora “Coca Cola”
14-09-1970             Incendian depósitos de “Sudantex” (textil)
                Atentan contra la compañía PRESS WIRELESS
24-09-1970             Atentan con bomba incendiaria “IPUSA”-“ZUM ZUM”
                Establecimientos Policiales, Fabrica Nac. de Tiza y Harvester
29-09-1970             Es dinamitado el Club de Bouwling de Carrasco
                Atentan con explosivo el Restaurant “La Rochelle”
07-10-1970             Atentan con bomba incendiaria las oficinas de PAA
10-10-1970             Atentan con bomba incendiaria las oficinas de “Coca Cola” y “General Electric”
12-10-1970             Atentan con bomba incendiaria la Agrícola “Domingo Basso” S.A.
15-10-1970             Atentan con bomba incendiaria Distribuidora “Reader´s Digest”
20-10-1970             Asaltan Direc. Registro Civil 14ta. Sección (documentación y armas)
31-10-1970             Colocan explosivos en la Fca. Nacional de Fósforos
07-11-1970             Colocan explosivos en Chalet “La Galera” (Punta del Este)
                Estalla bomba Facultad Química (3 estudiantes heridos)
28-11-1970             Atentan con explosivo el despacho Director de Enseñanza Preparatoria
01-12-1970             Atentan con dinamita en la planta de ITT
06-07-1971             Asaltan Juzg. De Paz 11er. Turno (Montevideo) (Roban documentación y armas)
15-07-1971             Asaltan CORVEX S.A. (Roban equipamiento electrónico
30-08-1971             Asaltan armería (Montevideo) (Luis de la Peña 536) (Armas)
09-09-1971             Asaltan la firma Izaurralde (Latala 2070) (Roban equipamiento imprenta)
10-10-1971             Ocultan bombas MOLOTOV en Facultad de Derecho
22-12-1971             Dinamitan e Incendian el Club de Golf
29-12-1971             Asaltan “ENEKA S.A.” (Roban equipamiento de comunicación)
13-02-1972             Copan Comisaría de Pando
06-04-1972             Asaltan Ferretería “La llave” (Roban herramientas)
06-04-1972             Atentan contra la Embajada de Brasil
09-04-1972             Atentan contra Zelmar MICHELINI y Enrique RODRIGUEZ
11-04-1972             Asaltan tornería (A.Figueroa 2140) Roban material
14-04-1972             Ametrallan patrullero
25-04-1972             Roban armas del Instituto Forense
02-05-1972             Asaltan laboratorio (Yaguaron 2030) (Roban medicamentos)
06-05-1972             Atentan contra garage de vehículos militares
23-06-1972             Ametrallan vehículo del Ejército
13-08-1972             Atentan con explosives 4 Bancos de Montevideo
01-09-1972             Actos terroristas en Ciudad Vieja
11-09-1972             Asaltan Clínica (J. de Viana 2345 (Roban instrumental)
27-10-1972             Muere estudiante en Facultad de Ingeniería mientras fabricaba bomba (Marcos Caridad Jordan
http://rigofa2011-ii.blogdiario.com/1307971763/